Telenary

The only permanent adjustment check necessary for an automatic and digital level is to ensure that the compensator and diaphragm are set suc...

For a closed traverse, before any coordinate calculations can commence, the whole circle bearing of all the lines have to be calculated. ...

             Theodolites are precision instruments used extensively in construction work for measuring angles in the horizontal and vertic...

The fundamental principal of the science and art of surveying are based on very simple geometrical concept. This concept generally stated ...

MODERN SYSTEMS IN SURVEYING AND MAPPING Significant developments in the last three decades resulting in a variety of sophisticated instr...

HYDROGRAPHIC TERMS v MEAN SEA-LEVEL The elevation of the points generally refers to the mean sea-level (M.S.L) which is considere...

At times, it can seem like the days move quickly and the years slowly. When we look at technology, the cumulative effect of change can seem...

  History of development of GPS, it was invented by the United States Department of defence  (DOD) the GPS is a satellite navigation syst...

SOURCES OF ERRORS IN COMPASS SURVEY: Errors in compass surveying arise from both angular and linear measurements. Here we are only consider...